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The Triệu dynasty (; 家趙) ruled the kingdom of Nam Việt ("South Yuè"), which consisted of parts of southern China as well as northern Vietnam. Its capital was Panyu, in modern Guangzhou. The founder of the dynasty, called Triệu Đà or Jhao To, was a military governor for the Qin Empire.〔Patricia M. Pelley ''Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National Past'' 2002 Page 177 "The fact that he was Chinese was irrelevant; what mattered was that Triệu Đà had declared the independence of Vietnam."〕 He asserted his independence in 207 BC when the Qin collapsed. The ruling elite included both ethnic Chinese and native Yue, with intermarriage and assimilation encouraged.〔Snow, Donald B., ''(Cantonese as written language: the growth of a written Chinese vernacular )'' (2004), Hong Kong University Press, p. 70.〕 Triệu Đà conquered the Vietnamese state of Âu Lạc and led a coalition of Yuè states in a war against the Han Empire, which had been expanding southward. Subsequent rulers were less successful in asserting their independence and the Han conquered the kingdom in 111 BC. == Historiography == The scholar Huang Zuo produced the first detailed published history of Nam Việt in the fifteenth century.〔Yoshikai Masato, "Ancient Nam Viet in historical descriptions", ''(Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor )'', Volume 2, ABC-CLIO, 2004, p. 934.〕 Chinese historians have generally denounced the Triệu as separatists from the Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD), but have also praised them as a civilizing force. A particularly strident denunciation was produced by poet Qu Dajun in 1696.〔Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt, Wolfgang Schluchter, Björn Wittrock, ''(Public spheres and collective identities )'', Transaction Publishers, 2001, p. 213.〕 Qu praised Qin Shi Huang as a model of how to uphold the purity of Chinese culture, and compared Triệu Đà unfavorably to the emperor.〔 A more positive view of Triệu multiculturalism was presented by Liang Tíngnan in ''Nányuè Wŭ Wáng Chuán'' (History of the Five Kings of Nanyue) in 1833.〔 Cantonese refer to themselves as ''Yuht'', the Cantonese pronunciation of Yuè/Việt.〔Caihua Guan, ''(English-Cantonese Dictionary: Cantonese in Yale Romanization )'', New Asia - Yale-in-China Chinese Language Center, p. 57, 2000. "Cantonese N....Yuhtyúh (M: geui)". Ramsey, S. Robert, ''(The Languages of China )'', 1987, p. 98. "Named after an ancient 'barbarian' state located in the Deep South, the Yue Constable, Nicole, ''Guest People: Hakka Identity in China and Abroad'' (2005)〕 In modern times, the character (yuè) refers to Cantonese while (yuè) refers to Vietnamese. But historically, these two characters were interchangeable.〔Hashimoto, Oi-kan Yue, ''(Studies in Yue Dialects 1: Phonology of Cantonese )'', 1972, p. 1. See also "(百粤 )", ''YellowBridge''.〕 Meanwhile, Vietnamese historians have struggled with the issue of whether to regard the Triệu heroically as founders of Vietnam, or to denounce them as foreign invaders. For centuries afterward, Triệu Đà was a folk hero among the Viets, and was remembered for standing up to the Han Empire. After Lý Bí drove the Chinese out of northern Vietnam, he proclaimed himself "emperor of Nam Việt" (''Nam Việt đế'') in 544, thus identifying his state as a revival of the Trieu, despite obvious differences in terms of location and ethnic makeup. In the thirteenth century, Lê Văn Hưu wrote a history of Vietnam that used the Triệu as its starting point, with Triệu Đà receiving glowing praise as Vietnam's first emperor.〔 In the 18th century, Ngô Thì Sĩ reevaluated Triệu Đà as a foreign invader.〔 Under the Nguyễn Dynasty, Triệu Đà continued to receive high praise, although it was acknowledged that the original Nam Việtwas not in fact a Vietnamese state.〔 The current Communist government portrays Triệu Đà negatively as a foreign invader who vanquished Vietnam's heroic King An Dương.〔 Modern Vietnamese are descended from the ancient Yue of northern Vietnam and western Guangdong, according to Peter Bellwood. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Triệu dynasty」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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